2010 Issue

2010 Issue

Click on the cover above to read a pdf version, or stop by an MCC Writing Center, Student Services Office, Learning and Tutoring Center, bookstore, or library to pick up a hard copy.

2010 Writing Awards and Selections for Print and Web

For her poem, “One November Day,” LaVonda Fishburne is the winner of The Metropolitan 2010 Prize for Student Writing, a 13.5-credit-hour tuition remission. The first runner-up, Jody Sperling, is awarded 9 credit hours tuition remission for his story “Grand Slam.” The second runner-up, Brian Griess, receives 4.5 credit hours tuition remission for his poem “My Flak Vest.”

One November Day by LaVonda Fishburne

Grand Slam by Jody Sperling

My Flak Vest and Scratching Itchy Words by Brian Griess

Discovering The Music in Dylan Thomas’ “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” by Rebecca Anderson

The Toulouse Jingle Dance by Nicole Cantrell

Late Night, Cold Pizza by Will Epler

Sunday Tea by Rae Lynn Froggé

Watches Life Pass By and Isolated by Michele Fuller

Sustainable Practices Contest Winners

Food For Thought by Joe Patrick

Web Selections

Closure by Justin Johnson

Festival of Hansandaechub by Gi Kim

The Day I Said Goodbye by Pat Noukpozounkou

Contributor's Notes

Rebecca Anderson, a teacher of German and French, is currently directing her pedagogical efforts toward homeschooling her two youngest sons. Born and raised a Nebraskan, this Cornhusker fan recently moved with her family to Central Pennsylvania and is delighted that Nebraska has decided to join the Big Ten. Despite her move out of state, Rebecca maintains an interest in improving access to midwifery care for Nebraska women through legislative change.

Nicole Cantrell is an MCC student pursuing an accelerated certificate in Paralegal Studies, and she has a Bachelor of Science in Native American Studies and Art from University of Nebraska at Omaha. She has a wide range of interests, including creating visual art, dabbling in most academic disciplines, writing fiction, poetry, and songs, participating in Native community, gardening, reveling in Creole culture, and joking with her snarky eight-year old daughter.

Melina Cook is a native of the Omaha area and has recently graduated from Metropolitan Community College with an Associate’s Degree in Horticulture. She is currently working on her Bachelor’s Degree in English from the University of Nebraska, with a focus in Creative Nonfiction Writing.

Will Epler is a father of two and a veteran of the Iraq War.

LaVonda Fishburne was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina. She relocated about a year and a half ago to Omaha, Nebraska for better opportunities for herself and family. She is a single parent working full time as well as taking care of her four year old son, while attending Metropolitan Community College full time. She is completing her associate’s degree in liberal arts and plans to attend the University of Nebraska at Omaha in the fall of 2011 to complete a bachelor’s degree in Elementary and Secondary Education. She plans to become an elementary teacher specializing in science and special education. Also, she would like to thank Mr. Steven Lovett and Ms. Cindy Catherwood for considering her poem for publication in the Metropolitan Magazine.

Rae Lynn Frogge is a Nebraska native at Metro pursuing a Liberal Arts transfer degree. She hopes to teach one day to teens and maybe inspire some of them to write. She has done some traveling, and family and friends enjoy her detailed and humorous letters. Being a single parent of three teens herself, she highly values education and the pursuit of one’s dreams.

Michele Fuller is from Omaha and graduated from Metropolitan Community College, receiving an associate’s degree in Applied Science with an Emphasis in Commercial Still Photography. At MCC, she was involved with activities, clubs, and educational conferences within her first year. She was the webmaster for the Metro Photo Club website one year and currently is the Vice President of the club. Michelle was honored with the Academic Version of Omaha’s Pecha Kucha Night featured student, and her photographs have been in thirty-three exhibitions, juried and group shows nationally and internationally from 2008-2011.

Brian Griess was born and raised in South Omaha. He has served in the active duty army and is now a member of the Nebraska National Guard. He is currently studying pre-pharmacy but dreams of writing science fiction novels.

Gi Kim is originally from South Korea and has lived in Omaha since 2009. She currently attends Metropolitan Community College in the nursing program. She loves learning English and enjoys reading English books. She thanks Jesus for His great love.

Seveho Noukpozounkou, originally from the city of Avrankou in the Republic of Benin, has been in Omaha for two years. He is married and has two boys. Currently, he is a student at Metropolitan Community College, and his goal for these coming years is to have fluent and understandable English on his lips. In his free time, he likes to sing and dance to glorify God.

Joe Patrick, is co-creator and artist of Good Plus (http://www.goodplusonline.com), a comic strip based, in part, on his years as a comic shop employee. Still wanted by the government for a crime he didn’t commit, he survives as a soldier of fortune. 🙂 If you have a problem, if no one else can help, and if you can find him…maybe he’ll tell you how much he loves tacos.

Jody Sperling was born in Denver Colorado and now resides in Omaha, Nebraska. He is studying Creative Writing at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and attends classes at Metropolitan Community College. When not busy studying, he spends time pitching articles to local magazines, building a body of work in short stories, and dabbling away at a novel. His writings are featured on “Omaha.net” and “Mike the Average Person Gardener” in monthly installments. He also enjoys exploring the city for up-and-coming talent and serves in a local church.

One November Day
LaVonda Fishburne

Another day I have to take care of
You in this sweet fly-infested kitchen
Washing the watery eggs and crusted
Hash browns off the plate, my hands like prunes. It’s
Four p.m. on this rainy, beautiful
November day. My legs wobble like the
Branches on the trees as the wind blows through
Them. You sit there, and I’m picturing a jackO-lantern in place of your face. I can
Look and laugh at you all day as you sit in that
Chair reading the week-old newspaper and
Mumbling to yourself
What you think of me

Grand Slam
Jody Sperling

Melissa sat in the booth across from Shane looking at him
and twisting the straw from her glass around her pointer finger.
Since the time she was a little girl, she had never liked drinking
with a straw. “If I told you something, would you resent me?”
“I don’t know you well enough to resent you. So, probably
not.” Shane unconsciously mimicked her behavior, removing the
straw from his glass and twirling it around his own finger.
“Good then. You’re too young to have a bald spot.”
“I do resent that.”
“Well, I’m sorry, but it’s true.”
“I can’t help my genetics.” Shane motioned to the waitress
who passed by his booth. She didn’t notice him as she scurried
into the back wait. “What do I have to do to be noticed?” he
mumbled to himself under his breath.
“Do you always feel so sorry for yourself?”
“I can see you have no problem being blunt.” He put the
straw, now a tangled, kinked mess, back into his glass. As the
straw displaced the ice cubes, they clanked against the wall of his
glass like diamonds being scattered on a proofing mirror. “And
honestly, it’s not like my bald spot is so bad any-who.” Shane’s
mother had always said, “Any-who.”
“Sure. It’s not bad. It’s just unfortunately big for a man as
young as you.”
“And I guess you’re the authority on the median bald-spot
of men in their twenty somethings.”
“There’s no need for expertise. Men don’t usually start
balding until they’re in their late thirties, early forties.” As if to
mock him, Melissa ran her fingers through her full, dark hair.
“I guess it doesn’t matter. My dad was already bald as a cue ball
when he was your age. It’s just—I swear I read somewhere that a
man’s hair was the crown of his pride.”
“Certainly not! How could you let something external and
out of your control become the foundation by which you judge
all of your successes?”
“I’m not a man. How should I know?”
“That’s right. You’re not a man. Let’s talk about something
else.” Shane nearly jumped from his seat as he saw the
waitress coming out from the back wait. She turned her head
nonchalantly toward him but continued on toward one of her
other tables. “Good. She saw me,” he assured himself out loud.
The waitress dropped a check for the table she had approached
and began to head for a door with a glowing red exit sign
hanging over it like a halo on an angel. She reached into her
pocket and pulled out a soft-pack of cigarettes.
“Me too,” Melissa sighed.
“You too what?”
“Oh…well, I quit smoking because my boyfriend hated it,
but I swear, it was a mistake. There isn’t a day that goes by when
I don’t feel like I’d trade my left lung for just one more drag.
They say some people just love the habit. Well, I’m one of those
people.”
“You’re too pretty to be a smoker.”
“You’re too bald to be picky.”
“Look, you’re great and all, but seriously, lay off the bald
jokes now. Don’t you know men are sensitive about hair loss?”
“I thought you said it wasn’t the crown of your pride.”
Shane tried to shrug it off. Instead, he plunged his hand
into his glass, retrieved an ice cube, and tossed it into his mouth
trying to look casual and coordinated. He couldn’t think of a
response, so instead, he just sat staring at Melissa, reminding his
eyes not to glance down.
He had noticed Melissa when he walked into the Denny’s
a few hours earlier. He had noticed her hair first. She had wild
black hair so curly it seemed to be in rebellion. Judging from
her physique, she was a runner. Judging from her attire, a pair of
extra large sweatpants and a two-sizes too big sweatshirt, she had
just suffered a breakup.
Shane had decided to come to the Denny’s to have a cup
of coffee since it was the only neutral environment open at                                                                                         twothirty in the morning. He had been working on his thesis, a
document that would eventually become a book about Abraham
Lincoln as well as his great doctoral achievement. Somewhere
along the way, Shane had realized how much he wished he would
have worked to get a degree in something useful. His book
would be lost in the herald of countless others that tried to say
something new about Honest Abe but only repeated the same
facts with new prose. So when he should have been working on
his paper, he was, instead, contemplating the five hundred places
he’d rather be, doing the five thousand things he’d rather do. All
of his thinking gave him a formidable headache. He decided
to get out and have some caffeine, hoping it might calm his
throbbing temples.
When he walked in, Melissa was sitting at the first booth to
his left. Usually, he wasn’t a brave man. He hadn’t achieved much
success in the way of women, and Melissa was definitely not in
his league. She was beautiful even in pajamas. He was balding.
Nonetheless, he found himself doing something quite unusual.
The waitress had to practically slap him across the face with a
menu, “Just one tonight?”
“Oh. No. I’m ah… I’m meeting someone.” Shane’s voice
trailed off as he turned to approach the mysterious and beautiful
stranger sitting in the booth. At first, he just stood dumbly at the
edge of her table. She didn’t even look up at him right away.
He shifted his weight from the balls of his feet to his heels
and back again. “Um… I don’t suppose you’d like a little company.
Er, well, I mean, if you wouldn’t mind, I could use some—some
company I mean.” Suddenly, he felt uncomfortably hot, and he
could tell his face was blushing.
“I’m Melissa.” She reached her hand out confidently. “And
I’d love some company.”
From there, for the better part of the last two hours, the two
sat getting to know one another. Shane had introduced himself,
and they spent all the normal small-talk options, going over
work and family, all of that. It had been just after Shane finished
describing how he was the youngest of four siblings that Melissa
jumped in with the question about his hair.
Overall, Shane had been happily surprised. He didn’t even
mind that he couldn’t grasp why this woman had actually invited
him to sit down. He considered that maybe she simply enjoyed
taunting him, torturing him, and making fun of him at the
expense of his obvious inferiority. He had also considered the less
likely option: maybe she actually liked him. Fantasy has its allure.
However, that wouldn’t really satisfy the curious fact that she
found so much joy in making a fool out of him.
“Shane.” Melissa snapped her fingers like she was a
hypnotist just bringing her patient out of a trance. Shane felt like
he had been entranced. “I realize you find me attractive. I even
realize that you did a brave thing by approaching a total stranger,
but I’d still appreciate it if you wouldn’t stare at my chest.”
Shane’s gaze had slowly lowered, but he hadn’t meant to stare.
“I’m really sorry! I wasn’t staring, or I mean, I wasn’t staring
‘at’ your chest.”
“Oh really. So you were reading the writing on my
sweatshirt?”
“Kind of.”
“Syracuse. It’s one word. No one takes ten minutes to read
one word. Are you a pervert? When I looked up at you, you
didn’t look like a pervert. Maybe I was wrong.”
“No. I mean, no, I’m no perv. I was just thinking about
something. I just didn’t realize my gaze had drifted so much.”
“Just,” she emphasized, “watch your eyes. It’s pretty creepy
when a guy you don’t even really know starts gawking at your
chest. You should be a woman. Then you’d understand.”
“Oh, I’m sure.” Shane tried to sound confident. Instead, he
felt like the pale white kid in the spring break vacation pictures
where all the friends are tan and healthy looking from the
Florida sun.
The waitress crept past once again. “Excuse me! Excuse me,
miss.” Shane felt exasperated. The waitress walked past his booth
without so much as a glance in his direction.
Melissa began to laugh. “You really aren’t so sure of yourself,
are you?”
“What makes you say that?” Shane folded his arms.
“Other than the fact that you can’t get the waitress’s
attention?”
“How does that make me unsure of myself?”
“It’s easy. You can’t get her attention because every time
you try, I can tell you’re making what you think is a strong effort,
but look, if I lift my finger off the table like this and whisper like
this,” she began to move her lips like she was trying to do the fish
face, “do you think the waitress would hear me?”
“Yeah, right. I practically jumped out of my booth the last
time she came around.”
“Well, kinda. Mostly no. You think you almost jumped out
of the booth, but from where I’m sitting you hardly even shifted.
I mean, I bet if you stood up right now, there would be a perfect
indentation mark where your ass has been planted for the last
couple hours.”
“How do you have any friends?” Shane had meant to sound
like he was joking, but his tone had a cutting edge to it.
“Who said I have friends?”
“What—you’re saying you don’t have any friends?”
“C’mon, don’t tell me you don’t find it a little odd that I’m
sitting at a Denny’s all by myself at three—oh god,” she looked at
her watch, “five o’clock in the morning?”
“Honestly. No. I just figured you had gone through a tough
breakup and you couldn’t sleep, but you couldn’t stand being
alone either, so you figured you’d just sit anonymously at a booth
in Denny’s and drink black coffee.”
“Good lord, man! Have you been stalking me or something?
No seriously, that’s really creepy.” Melissa turned her head
and made eye contact with the waitress who abruptly changed
directions and headed for their booth.
“How did you do that?”
“I already told you.”
“Right.”
“What can I get ya’, dear?” The waitress, despite appearing
to be younger than Melissa, had decided to utilize terms of
endearment. She pulled out her black check sleeve and a clicky
pen and poised her hand, ready to write.
“Oh, actually, don’t be offended or anything, but I noticed
you went out back to smoke, and I was wondering if you had an
extra one I might be able to bum from you.”
“The waitress put her hands on her hips and leaning back,
let a broad smile spread across her face. “I guess so, as long as
you’re old enough, sweetie.”
“Are you kidding me?” Melissa chuckled. She acquiesced
and quickly rummaged through her purse. She produced a
driver’s license. Shane noticed that she hadn’t smiled for her
photograph.
“You look pretty mad in that picture there.” Shane shrugged
his shoulders.
“You’d be mad too if the stupid DMV was trying to tell you
what to do.”
“What do you mean?”
“Well, I mean, the DMV should mind their own business
and let us law abiding citizens take care of ours.”
“Like anarchy, you mean?”
“No, not like anarchy. Don’t be ridiculous. I don’t know. It’s
stupid really. The lady who took me on my driving test must have
been in a bad mood, so she just failed me.” Shane waited for her
to finish her story, but it became apparent after several moments
of silence that she had nothing else to say.
“So she just failed you for no good reason?”
“That’s what I said.”
“I find that hard to believe,” Shane smirked.
The waitress cleared her throat. “Do you want a cigarette or
not, sweetie?”
“Of course I do,” Melissa gestured, holding out an open
palm.
“You’d better tip me for it.”
“It’s not really a tip if you tell me I have to, is it?”
“That’s rich!” Shane cut in. “Here this kind young lady,”
Shane glanced at the waitress’ name tag for the first time,
“Janette, gives you a cigarette, and you give her trouble for telling
you she’d like a tip.” Janette smiled broadly at Shane.
“Would you like some more coffee, dear?”
“I’d love some, Janette. Thank you.” Shane turned his focus
back to Melissa who was drumming her fingers rapidly on the
table. He felt a new sense of boldness overcome him. For once he
had played the smooth talker, and Janette seemed to think he was
funny. He smiled. “Melissa, I really like you.”
“Don’t be silly. You don’t even know me.”
“Sure, I don’t know you, but I still like you, what I know of
you.”
“Why? I’m cynical. I’m blunt, as you pointed out. And I
smoke.”
“Correction: You smoked. Right now you’re just thinking
about smoking because you think it seems appropriate for the
level of heartbreak you’re feeling.”
“And you’re some kind of therapist or something? Because
if I remember right, you’re more of a historian. If you’re a
historian, you ought to know that relationships are doomed to
fail.” She paused, “And you never told me how it is you presume
to claim I’m going through a breakup in the first place.”
“Easy,” Shane responded. “You’re not fat. You’re not
pregnant.” Melissa winced at the word “pregnant.” “And still you
decided to go out in public with no makeup in clothes that are
big enough to fit four of you in.”
“All right. You might be right. But that doesn’t mean
anything is wrong. Like I said, relationships are doomed to fail.
It’s just a little tough to accept at first. I’ll get over it.”
“That seems like pretty shoddy logic.” Shane looked up and
mouthed the words “Thank you” to Janette who had just returned
with a fresh refill for his coffee.
“Forgive me,” Melissa’s voice was filled with sarcasm, “I
didn’t realize the historian was an expert on logic as well.”
“Is this why he left you?” Shane scrunched his face as the
words escaped his mouth. He quickly tried to recover. “I didn’t
mean it. For some reason, I feel terribly vulnerable to you.”
“No.” Melissa slouched so far down in the booth that only
her head remained visible. She ignored the latter part of the
comment. “He left me because he said he found someone, ‘I don’t
know, more bubbly than you, I guess.’” As she mocked him, she
tried to make her voice sound especially deep and manly.
Shane’s gaze dropped to his lap. “I’m really sorry about that.
It sucks to be left.”
“Do you know?”
“Sure, I know. See.” He pointed to his ring finger. “No
wedding band.”
“I think I thought it would all work out better than this.
You know, at first we always talked about how much we loved
each other. He couldn’t practically go a minute without doing
something to get my attention. Every time I checked my e-mail,
there was some nice note; every time I was driving home from
a date, there was a follow-up call; he even started talking about
a wedding and groomsmen, then all of a sudden, bam! He just
stopped it all. At first, I thought it was just our relationship
settling into a comfortable place. It turns out that he had just lost
interest.”
Shane looked at the bottom of his empty-again coffee cup.
Luckily for him, he had forged a closeness with Janette. She was
already headed his way with a full pot. He slid his cup to the
edge of the table, reached for a cup of creamer and opened it
in preparation. Janette filled his cup of coffee and looked at her
unsmoked cigarette still wedged between Melissa’s fingers. “Just a
fashion statement there, honey?”
Melissa looked up at Janette. “I just don’t want to go out
alone, and plus, your little knight in shining armor here seems to
think I’m not really going to smoke it.”
“And why’s that?” Janette inquired.
“Why don’t you tell her, Shining Armor Shane?” Melissa
smirked.
Janette focused her attention on Shane who began to
blush. “Well, I told her that she was just thinking about smoking
because she’s going through a rough time and it seemed like the
right thing to do to cope.”
Janette smiled at Melissa. “Your boyfriend is a really sweet
guy. You’re lucky you got to him first.” She patted Shane on his
shoulder and winked at him.
“No, no, no! He’s not my boyfriend. Actually, we just met.
I mean, I’ve never seen him before tonight. He was an absolute
stranger when he walked up to my booth.” It was Melissa’s turn
to blush.
“Whichever way you shade it, you two’d make a cute
couple.” Janette topped off Shane’s coffee again, as he had already
finished half of it. “Listen, hon,” she said, looking at Melissa,
“if you decide you want to smoke, let me know. I’ll keep you
company.”
Melissa looked right at Shane and squinted her eyes, “How
about now?”
“Sure. Let me grab my jacket.”
Melissa grabbed her own jacket and threw it over her
shoulders. “I’ll be back.”
Shane stared blankly. He watched Melissa follow Janette
through the back door where the red exit sign hung. He
wondered how it could feel so much like getting dumped for
her to walk out, when he had just met her. He began to imagine
what it would be like if she were his. And then his mind picked
up on a splinter that had been laid earlier in the conversation.
He remembered Melissa grimacing when he had said she wasn’t
pregnant. The thought consumed him. He decided he might
need some fresh air, too. He slid out of his booth seat and made a
beeline for the front door. Suddenly he couldn’t keep his breath.
He started to wonder what he had been thinking. This
woman was clearly crazy. She was unstable. She came up behind
him. “Were you going to ditch me and make me pick up the bill
for your coffee?”
“No. No, I was just getting some fresh air myself.”
Melissa took one look at his face and knew something was
wrong. “What’s the matter?”
“Nothing. Nothing’s the matter.”
“Sure, you just picked up a stutter all of a sudden and you
want to tell me nothing is the matter?”
“Yeah. Yeah, I mean, no. Nothing’s the matter.”
“C’mon. You’re seriously not that mad that I smoked a
cigarette.”
“No. It’s not that.”
“So it is something.”
“I didn’t say that.”
“Seriously, if I could be brave enough to ask you about
your premature balding, what could possibly be more blunt and
offensive than that?” Her reasoning made sense.
“Well—you winced when I said the word ‘pregnant’?”
“Damn it! I knew there could be something more offensive.
Well played. You know, when I saw you standing over my table
like a puppy that just found a rawhide, I really didn’t make you
out to be such a witty guy. You’re really witty.”
“I wasn’t trying to be witty.”
“Why does it matter, anyways?”
“It really doesn’t. I just put two and two together, and then
it seemed like I just ran past it in my mind.”
“Women have kids, you know. It’s not a big deal.”
“But you’re not married.”
“No. It’s the twenty-first century, you know.”
“Sure, but, I mean, you got pregnant with some random guy
or what?”
“Not some random guy, no.” Melissa reached into the
pocket on the front of her sweatshirt. Her hands withdrew a
cigarette and a lighter. She promptly lit it and blew the smoke
over her right shoulder.
“You’re not going to start up over some silly guy, are you?”
Shane’s voice rang with desperation as if he were her guardian
and he were watching her throw her life away to the crack pipe.
In fact, that was somewhat how he felt.
“That ‘some silly guy’ is the father of my unborn child and
the man I’m mourning the loss of. How can you be so witty and
so slow at the same time?”
“Oh,” Shane uttered. He was otherwise dumbfounded. The
only thing he could think of was to tell her to stay put. He ran
back into the Denny’s and pulled out his wallet. He handed a
twenty-dollar bill to Janette and hurried toward the door. Janette
followed him to double-check that he didn’t need change. “No, I
don’t need change, Janette, you did a fine job. You deserve it.”
He ran out of the Denny’s and into the night air just as
Melissa was drawing the last smoke out of the smoldering butt.
“Do you want to walk with me for a while?” Melissa asked
Shane.
“Yeah. I’m up for it.”
“Good. Let’s go.” 

My Flak Vest
Brian Griess

My flak vest weighs me down, but ocean water crushes
a deep sea diver, too. My vest is personal protection from
bullets and fragmentation, an ignorance shield. My army
green vest is painted desert dust tan by the winds
of boredom and rage.
I say, “I’ll guard the truck, Sergeant,”
because months from now I’d like to go home and
hopefully this male corset will stay here with the
sand that sticks to the collar rubbing my sunburned
patience raw.
Kevlar and ceramic traps and contains my heat, my sweat,
my mental stability. It cramps my back and my style.
Is there a reason why grass never grows on graves the first year?

Scratching Itchy Words
Brian Griess

I write random bricks
that sink like granite ships
in the clear as mud pool of language.
With muscles tense
I scratch text,
poetry that leaves me scratching my itchy head.
Words bite
bloody chunks away
and stanzas flop
like salmon in black bears’ mouths.
Or my words fizzle
like sleet
striking dead leaves
on an autumn forest floor.
Screw rigid iron structure
and return the favor.
I’d much rather tiptoe poetic lines
through shatter shards of words.
The words spill out
like fluids from a sick kitten.
Spotty words I clean up off the kitchen floor,
returning it to order.
After hours of deliberation
a nearly hung jury,
I slide into a snowbank
called satisfaction.

Discovering the Music in Dylan Thomas’
“Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night”
Rebecca Anderson

As Dylan Thomas watches his once-imposing father
succumb to the forces with which advancing age pulls him
toward the grave, he pleads with him to fight against them with
vigor and persistence. In “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good
Night,” Thomas marries the music of this poem so tightly to
the message that the result is a hauntingly beautiful work of art.
The strength of Thomas’ musical elements resonates through his
mastery of sound, as he manipulates words and punctuation to
craft a poem of active resistance to death’s inescapable pull.
From the first line, in which the speaker implores his father,
“Do not go gentle into that good night,” the reader is met with
a preponderance of the plosive t, d, g, and, in subsequent lines,
b sounds. These consonants, which can only be produced by
completely restricting the flow of air, create significant resistance
in the mouth, forcing the reader to struggle through the words
in order to reach the end of the line. As a result, the music draws
the reader physically into the drama of this struggle between life
and death.
To amplify this effect of musical resistance, Thomas
occasionally ends one word with a plosive and begins the
following word with a different plosive. This is especially artfully
rendered in the opening line, where there are two occurrences of
a word ending in t preceding a word beginning with g (not go;
that good). One of the characteristics that make music pleasing
is the concept of repetition and variation. This pattern of double
plosives is repeated in lines 2 and 14. However, Thomas creates
variations by changing the sounds so that in line 2, all four
plosives are heard(should burn; at close) and in line 14, the d and
b (could blaze; and be). The other verse which forms a thematic
refrain in this musical poem is the speaker’s plea to “rage, rage
against the dying of the light” (3, 9, 15, 19). Though there are
fewer plosives, the tempo remains slowed by the presence of the
affricate in rage and the comma which separates the repeating
words. Still, this is the first hint that death must ultimately win
this battle, as the tongue seems to glide a little too easily toward
the “dying of the light.”Thomas also uses punctuation to further
resistance when he speaks of “good men, the last wave by,” wild
men, who “learn, too late,” and “grave men, near death.”
As is true in music, the passages which do not conform
to the overall theme lend interest to the work. So it is in two
passages of this poem, where the tongue seems to move more
freely still, unencumbered by commas or double plosives. Thus,
the reader’s tongue might also “dance in a green bay” (8) or “sing
the sun in flight,” (10), reveling in the life force which defies
the pull of death. We may also sense the life force as assonance
carries us along on the wings of the long i in stanza three, where
with the “good men, the last wave by, crying how bright” (9).
The speaker’s voice softens dramatically when he addresses his
father directly: “And you, my father, there on the sad height,
/ Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray” (16-17).
Suddenly, the number of plosives drops, replaced by softer,
fricative sounds like f, s, h, and both the voiced and unvoiced th.
These consonants are looser and allow more air to pass through.
Here, the abundance of commas which continues to restrain the
tempo keeps the tone somber, and the euphony of these lines
suggests both the respect which the speaker has for his father, as
well as a further sign of the speaker’s acknowledgement that his
father is giving up the fight.
Finally, Thomas’ choice of rime also creates a musicality
which embodies the struggle between life and death. The classical
variant of the villanelle is composed entirely of two end-rimes,
and the sounds which Thomas selects mirror the conflict in this
poem. The alternating closed plosive consonant which ends the
A rime and the open, long vowels of the B rime create a vivid
auditory contrast and yet another depiction of the struggle for
life in the face of death.
It is no accident that Dylan Thomas’ poem is so powerful.
Through the choice of rime in a tightly structured form and the
careful interplay of sound and tempo, Thomas has channeled the
emotional energy of this highly-charged plea into a musical work
of poetic mastery. 

The Toulouse Jingle Dance
Nicole Cantrell

Chance Whitedeer was born on January 1, 1977. He’d
always hated the Minnesota winter, so he ate his yearly solitary
birthday cake June twelfth. No one knew his actual birth was
in January or seemed to care that he went through the invented
motions despite reality. He figured it wasn’t much to celebrate,
given the way his mother had rarely described it. Whitedeer was
the “most defining disappointment” of her life, she joked. There
was enough truth in it to sting. His mother, Agave, had been
quite the Bohemian in her time and seen all there was to see in
the wide world of the hipster vanguard. She had returned to her
virtual tribal home in Minneapolis just in time for his breach
birth. Splat, he’d landed on the ice of the Indian Health Services
Hospital parking lot. The nurses thought it was very considerate
of him to enter the world without their medical assistance
and were glad to send him home without spending a dime of
that precious imaginary treaty money. There, in the post-tribal
ice, they remained, a boy and his mother against the city and
themselves.
Since his first seizure in the year of his sixth birthday, he
had imagined things when he wanted to be distant from the
conversation. Typically, his mother would prattle on about his
aimlessness, and he’d picture dancing pink robots. In Whitedeer
country, disco robots had a vibrant culture, an evolving, living
story. Sometimes, he couldn’t think of anything but dancing
pink robot stories when he watched lips moving vague syllables
towards him. It was comforting, the ease of his stroking smooth
cold metal thoughts, like the feather weight of an aluminum
baseball bat. It brought him pleasure to see the foreign, hard
motions of the robots. It distracted him from the vestigial urge to
speak his desperate mind. He couldn’t tell his mother how badly
he needed to escape from his life, from his own skin. He couldn’t
wait to be a man so that his life would begin.
Finally, the day came. His childhood ended in the sunny
backyard as he relished the taste of his first adult bite of cream
frosting. Whitedeer, the man, made plans. His absurd resolution,
in the January of his magic twentieth year, was to visit the Black
Forest. For as long as he could remember, he had fantasized
about traveling there. He imagined it was like eating cake, the
cherries, the almond frosting spreading across the tongue in his
dark mouth. The concept percolated until it became a fetish.
It encapsulated his desire to escape the “rez” of his mind. To
Whitedeer, his brown skin seemed to be an invitation for the
whole world to preserve him in an allegory. Every interaction
was ultimately about his conquered culture confronting their
unbearable whiteness. He didn’t care. All he really wanted was
to shed his skin like a serpent and crawl into a new one when
it looked like a good ride. It was so boring to listen to their
questions about what his wise ’naabe grandmother taught him
about nature, or exactly what an Indian was in postmodern
America. He did not try to dispel their notions. For him, nothing
worth saying could ever be said—he was there only in the act
and the experience. And so he acted the way he felt and hoped
whiteys would appreciate his stoic example. They did not, and
he barely registered their confusion. He remained focused on his
goal. He wouldn’t have to tolerate their self-centered attempts
to connect with him much longer. There was a perfect Teutonic
spirit waiting in the Black Forest for him to inhabit, and he was
on his way as soon as he could get the cash.
His stomach churned audibly as he handed the money to
the Nicois ticket clerk. She was staring at his face in that familiar
way, but, thankfully, she didn’t ask about who his ancestors might
have been. She bent down and handed him the trash bin behind
the counter. He sprayed curdled stomach acid all over the bottom
of it and then rested his throbbing head on the counter.
“Are you sure you’re well enough to board the train, Sir?”
she asked, seeming genuine enough. “Do you have maps and an
itinerary scheduled? Is there something else I can help you with?”
Stammering through his ticket order must have raised
her suspicions, and now he was going to be harassed by clerkly
concern. “Uh, I feel, uh…fine, mmm…thanks. I’ll be alright um,
as soon as I get to my hostel in….Toulouse? Yeah, Toulouse,” he
said, mostly to convince himself. He opened the massive envelope
from his inside coat pocket. With a sudden guilt playing across
his broad face, he handed the clerk the fat tangle of bills from
inside his fist.
Unimpressed, she continued, “According to your passport
records, you’ve been halfway across Europe in the last two weeks.
How on earth did you wind up in Prague trying to get to western
Germany?”
He had no defense for his irrational decisions. “I got drunk
on the wrong train… and… didn’t want to go back through…to
Paris. So I just stayed on the same railway.” He knew that was a
nonsensical excuse, but he couldn’t concoct anything better in the
moment.
The ticket clerk glanced around quickly, possibly looking
for some kind of intervention, but no one had noticed her
strange customer. She sighed and handed him the tickets and his
passport. “Well, there are several hostels here in Nice, so if you
can’t get where you’re going, you can always come through here
again. There are medical services available—”
He cut her short, “Thank you, but that won’t be, um,
necessary.” He fumbled in repacking his documents and gathered
his bags to make his shoddy exit. He could feel her confused eyes
following the back of his head all the way through the baroque
entryway and onto the fragrant street.
Whitedeer had been enjoying his random travels and didn’t
think it was problematic to adjust his wanderings—at first. He
had been guided by his mother’s partially-read journal into this
gross miscalculation. It turns out that one of the perils of having
been born to a mother late in her life is that many of her written
memories were enshrined in places and things that simply no
longer existed. Most of the landmarks, routes, and people she
described were long gone or unrecognizable. He wondered if
it was wise to continue following her muse, but he had already
come so far.
The train wrenched from the tracks laterally. It was
refrigerated, just stiff, freezing, empty metal inside. The sound
of the steel scraping across the track forced the pink robots
in his head to slam dance and self-destruct. He could not
sleep through the whole ride, frozen eyes watching him from
puddled passengers sitting on the other side of the freight car.
His impulse to hop a free train to Warsaw was obviously not
an advantageous one, and he was thrilled to jump off as soon as
the rails groaned from brake pressure. Within about an hour of
effort, he spotted a bus depot and arranged a tour of the nearby
Bialowieza Forest. He felt a modicum of satisfaction that his
aimlessness still had some benefits.
From the bus window, he was overwhelmed by the tiny,
visible slice of the forest boundary. He almost ran from the bus
straight into the thick of it, but he saw the tour guide gathering
a small group of hikers. He hid behind the nearby post office
wall until they had moved on and cautiously approached the
fencing. He wriggled between the wooden slats and hid behind
the nearest tree. He continued to keep watch for signs of human
traffic until he had walked far into the tightly woven forest.
Close to sunset, he spotted a couple of feeding wisent. He
felt an instant kinship with the beasts, which looked so much
like the buffalo from the Anishnaabe tribal cooperative. For
a flash of a second, he was homesick for the rez. He followed
them into a valley clearing, and they continued to move along
towards a stream in the distance for a drink. He was immediately
distracted by the overgrown sign a few feet ahead. He walked
up to it and pushed the vegetation aside to expose the English
words written just below the Polish. Bialowieza Forest, refuge of
Armia Krajowa soldiers. Site of mass execution by Nazi officers. Long
live the resistance! There was an engraving beside the message
depicting an execution of Third Reich generals. The words of an
accompanying poem particularly struck him.
Here is our long-forgotten family home.
And, having heard now and then the voice of ancestors calling,
Like a grey little forest bird, from far-away centuries,
I fly to you, Belovezhskaya Pushcha.1
It was some heady stuff, and Whitedeer decided he’d better
recuperate while he had the chance. He lay in the high grass
near the sign and stared up into the darkening violet clouds.
After daydreaming for a while, he noticed the stiffness in his legs
prickling for attention. He stretched out until he bumped against
something hard beneath the forest litter. He sat up and brushed
the grass and dirt off the stone near the impression he’d left
behind of his body. He was surprised to find it was not stone, but
a crumbling grave marker. It read Leleke Edelman. Polish partisan
and Armia Krajowa soldier. August 15, 1920–July 1, 1942. A chill
passed through him, and he decided it was time to go back the
way he’d come before he found anything else.
Whitedeer walked among the ferns and sweetgrass until
he stopped to admire a single ghost orchid shining among the
cattails. Paused in reverie, he suddenly felt his paper heart hurtle
forward a few beats. Then, it shuddered back a bit. He did not
feel fear, only admiration for the massive creature suddenly in
front of him. It must have been traveling the primordial forest
for half an eternity looking for a large enough meal. It was a
monstrous teddy bear that ate millions of smaller screaming
teddy bears for breakfast. First, his backpack was torn off his
back with a shocking Velcro unzipping sound. The creatures’
swiping nine-inch claws sliced through the bag’s canvas without
the slightest apparent intention. It then fixed its tiny black neon
eyes on him in a passive and lethal kind of way. He thought it
likely he had only disturbed its sleep—but that matters little
when you are a creature so near God in earthly power that you
can kill, without even a momentary malicious whim. He would
have thought the bear might smell of honey and berries, like a
furry bottle of mead. Instead, the creature stank of musk and
fermented evergreen Christmas.
He hadn’t ever considered a bear eating him. He decided
that the bear should be named Ivan. He would travel down the
bear’s muscular throat and rest inside its cave stomach. He would
be turned inside out by the bear’s juices, like a stop-motion
flower. He would transform into an inverted orchid. His petals,
stamen and pistol would stretch out as fingers spelling a message,
then curl under to drop to their shriveled death. He would be
unwrapped like a gift to the circus bear, joining his bloodstream
to be incorporated into his strong flesh. He addressed a mental
letter to the bear, “My dearest Ivan, your fur is a velvet bristle
brush.” Nothing would remain of him but a trail of human hair,
the fuzzy bits that trace the shower drain.
As the eye teeth pierced his left arm, he let out a shrieking,
inhuman whelp. The sound must have caught Ivan off guard,
and slipping on damp earth, Ivan seemed stunned. Quickly,
Whitedeer took the chance to pick up one of the heavy rocks
strewn around his feet and menaced it towards the beast. His
strange instinct paid off. The forest gods spared him, and the
startled bear blinked and just as quickly seemed to bore of the
pathetic human disturbance. Ivan awkwardly shuffled off towards
whatever noiseless, rank, secreted home he had been slumbering
in.
The forest was silent again. After his encounter, Whitedeer
knew the darkness crawled and vibrated with the muffled sounds
of a million glass-eyed creatures. Unable to locate any with his
primitive paranoid eyes, he worked towards any footpath in sweet
morphine numbness.
Finally, he had dragged himself to the edge of the forest.
In a cartoon parody of unconsciousness, blue feathers, sans bird,
circled his head. A sudden deafness blinded all his faculties,
and he melted into the vacuum. He dreamed of wicked
smiling crocodiles playing backgammon with his crafty ’naabe
grandmother. Someone lifted his shredded arm carefully, and it
momentarily woke him from the rapture. He slid between the
resting void and pained waking for uncounted days. When he
was healed, he opened his eyes to the village hospital ceiling.
Someone had cared enough to carry his prostrate body all the
way to the rudimentary doctors. He thanked them by sneaking
across the room to his folded clothes in the cabinet, dressing
quickly, and slithering his way out of a medical personnel exit. It
felt miraculous to be free from the emanation of death. He found
his bearings and headed for the train station.
Whitedeer crossed into Prague but had no idea what exact
course had led him there. He no longer believed in accidents, so
he embraced his error and took in the sights. He got off the train
and wandered in the rain among the brothels and cryptic store
fronts. Not far from the train station, he was knocked flat on his
ass into the snow by a reeking red elf. The running weirdo looked
behind him and seemed to note that his invisible attacker was
no longer in sight. The drunken Ded Moroz, Grandfather Frost,
stopped and turned to help Whitedeer to his feet. He explained
that a frothy-mouthed dog had chased him from the alley where
he was dumpster diving, towards the hostel where he was hoping
to give the beast the slip. Whitedeer welcomed his prompt
invitation to sleep somewhere warm, even though Ded Moroz
was a smelly, drunken little creep. They walked the few blocks to
the elf ’s room, Grandfather Frost all the while chattering about
his previous follies in England. After they settled in on the thin,
single Murphy mattress, they shared a nip. At some time during
the tale of Saint Nick’s Foundation for Former Youth Sex Slaves,
the liquor caught up with Whitedeer, and he fell into a frigid
narcotic sleep.
He woke up in total darkness with Santa’s tongue in his ear,
dripping vodka backwash into his bloodshot eye. It took a full
two minutes for Whitedeer to comprehend the carnal absurdity
of the situation. He had finally had enough of turning the other
cheek. He stabbed the jolly pervert straight in the groin with the
bedside telephone near his good right arm. Then he ran from his
crime and waited at the station for the next train to Nice, France,
far from that Slavic hell.
Thankfully, he’d retained custody of his backpack somehow,
and during all the traveling he’d had ample time to read. He’d
finally reached the passages about his mother’s own college days,
backpacking through Europe and how she’d encountered his
father. Although he could look in the mirror and tell his father
had obviously not been Native, his mother had only replied
that he was “May-born” and refused to say anything more. He’d
researched the term as soon as he was able, but the books told
him nothing about who his father was or who a May-born
half-breed in Minneapolis was supposed to be. It was strange
to him to know this side of his elusive mother. He had always
respected her fierce privacy and kept his questions to himself,
like everything else he bottled up. It greatly upset him to feel so
close to her in her writing now and never in her actual presence.
Still, Whitedeer was excited to see the city where he had been
conceived and even more impatient to reach the end of his travels
in the Black Forest.
As soon as he arrived in Toulouse, he went straight to the
last known address of his father. Courtesy of his mother, there
was a surprise waiting for him. A statuesque Ethiopian woman
answered the door. As it turned out, it was his father’s widow.
He had died several years before, under vague and mysterious
circumstances. The widow was used to visits from his far-flung
children and was quite absently congenial to Whitedeer. She
offered him a tour of the house, use of his father’s library, and a
guest room to bed for the night. Rummaging through the library,
he found strange allusions to the person his father may have
been. There were numerous photos: daguerreotypes and                                                                                        sepiatones, black and whites, and even a few Polaroids. Most were
frankly labeled “wives,” “lovers,” “children,” or “friends” of this
man—but they couldn’t be from this man, they looked to be over
a hundred years old! His mother had written in her journal that
he was a feisty, ancient one-legged man when they met in 1976,
but he couldn’t be that old. There were still other documents.
There was a crude death certificate in the name Rimbaud, Jean
Nicholas Arthur, dated November 10, 1891. There was another
death certificate for 50 years later under the name Etienne
Rimbaud, and an accompanying photo of the same, but aged,
man. More mysterious, there were private journals and books of
poetry under his name, too. Whitedeer tucked the journals into
his backpack and walked to the guest room. He spent most of
the night there, skimming the writings and trying to make some
sense of them.
Apparently, Mr. Rimbaud was so disturbed by the writing
of his poetry that he had a nervous breakdown at age twenty and
never wrote again. After his first death, he married again, moved
to Montreal, and began painting. His paintings now covered the
walls of nearly every room in his widow’s three-level flat—and
they were definitely something to behold. Even more curious
were the passages written about Mr. Rimbaud’s third death in
1942, after which he came to Toulouse and married a previous
family friend he’d met in his military service in Ethiopia.
Then, Arthur, or Etienne, had met a young man named Leleke
Edelman. Leleke had escaped from the Nazi’s ravage of the
Warsaw ghetto but could not stand to leave his family behind
in the death camps. Etienne was so in love with the beautiful
young man that he followed him back to Poland and stayed with
him until the end. Afterward, a lone and despondent Etienne
allowed himself to be captured among the French resistance in
Wolfach, where all were summarily executed. Etienne was never
resurrected, and Arthur lived out the rest of his days wondering
what could have been.
Whitedeer woke to a scream, but it was only inside his
dream-mind. He had nodded off. Shaking and sweating, he felt
not horror, but a deep craving. He thought it was a craving. In
afternoon sex, furry things such as us frenzy against the last moments
of sun, he wrote at the end of his father’s journal. He set it down
on the writing desk. He imagined the sweetcake and knew he’d
better head east. The sweetcake compass told him there was
something waiting for him. His plans would not endure any
more delays.
Before he boarded the train for Wolfach, Germany, he
bought a few supplies. The shop near his father’s home was well
equipped. First, he found an adequate tea pot and large cup,
along with a portable camp fire. He bought several sprigs of
mistletoe, ripe pearl-berries still attached. He paid for the items
and solemnly walked to the train. The twinge of guilt was hard
to ignore, but he was comforted by the ceremony he had created
for himself. The plan had been in motion since before he left
Minneapolis, and now, he had only to let it unfold.
Whitedeer sat inside the circle of stones he had carefully
arranged. The Black Forest was more beautiful than the richest
cake and sweeter than the most vivid sunrise. He boiled the
bottled water and placed the herbs in the bottom of the teapot.
He pulled the wide teacup out of his pack and set it in front of
him, making sure each item was in its proper, cozy place. After
the herbs and berries had steeped, he stirred in some honey and
began to sip it. The warmth soothed his noisy stomach, and he
rested his head against the towering bent beech tree just outside
of his circle. As he drank, he was sure he saw the face of the
Green Man jumping between lily of the valley and bleeding
hearts. Their fine petals dripped down into his bearded face,
and he smiled on Whitedeer. All in all, he was pleased that he’d
gotten there with a little money to spare. His mother’s insurance
had been enough to satisfy his needs, and he didn’t have to feel
guilty anymore. His hands began to shake, so he quickly downed
the rest of his tea and placed the empty cup and all the rest in his
backpack next to his mother’s journal. His legs began to spasm,
and he bit down on his tongue, hard. He lay down in the circle to
prepare for the pink robots. Then, nothing.
Sleep paralysis: Something pushed his tongue backwards in
his dark mouth, sealing it against the tender hind of his throat.
A perfect circuit was created in that moment, and all breath in
the universe coincided with his own. An occidental and holy
image of his ossified pineal gland hovered above his frozen body,
in poetics of delirium. A horn like a giant incisor tore its way
through his skull and into the infinite starry space between his
eyes. The horn acquired blinking lids and a vividly receptive eye.
The horn-eye allowed him to anticipate the coming armies of
deepest dark he somehow feared and knew were on their way
to him. A fiery garnet of imprecise immensity and incalculable
ferocity emerged from the mistletoe in his gut. It spoke and
handed him his own heart to eat, a luscious pomegranate full of
seeds that might impregnate him with an ecstasy foreign to him.
He swallowed, and the heart began to beat again in his chest.
His tongue was unglued from his throat, and he joined with his
levitating and glowing body.
Suddenly, his mother emerged from behind the Great
Rabbit. Whitedeer was overwhelmed with emotion at the sight
of Agave and fainted straight away. He woke up a few moments
later to the sound of her shaking her anklet bells. The ringing
easily passed through the loose forest ground, and its gentle
rhythm helped to soothe his shock for the moment.
Great Rabbit said, “Listen now, Uncle. I have come to show
you that your mother lies beyond the sky-road, dancing for your
grief. I have allowed only you, among all humans, the presence
of the dead. No others have seen this since the time when I first
showed creatures the need for death.”
Whitedeer tried to interrupt but only managed to say, “You
brought her back to me?…You…You!.. You cannot take her back!
I won’t go back without her!”
Great Rabbit was not happy with Uncle Whitedeer, and
the trees nearest him exploded with black and blue lightning
strikes. Rabbit began again, “Uncle, you MUST listen. This is
not just for you, but for all your relatives. This dance of grief that
your mother is doing on your behalf has exhausted her. It is not
in balance with the upper worlds for the dead to be bound to
the living like this, and the Gitche Manidoo will have no more
of it. Watch. The grief dance will be taught to you. It will help
you to transform your struggle, and you will go back to your
proper home. You will teach your people the dance as well, and
it will heal their struggles. Most important, Uncle, you WILL
cease your backwards motion. The water panther listens to these
things, and he will poison you again with his powers. You must
move with the sun beyond death. And you must release your false
self here, before it consumes you. You were born in the land and
among the people that I intended for you. You will teach others
like yourself this dance, and it will help them to release their
division. You will need to be a new kind of people, and so I have
made all of you stronger than those who stay among only their
own relatives. I have shown you where you come from, it is time
now to go back.”
Whitedeer watched his mother moving through the
motions. She gained speed as she wove around the fire, sparked
by the metal and turtle shell jingles of her anklets. As her dance
became more graceful, she seemed to become her old self again.
Her hair grew back to its full shining length, and her shapeless
aura became a flowing, multi-colored gown. She smiled and
looked vibrantly alive. After her song and dance faded, she sat
down in front of him. She took his hands in hers and looked into
him for a long while. Finally, his crying stalled, and he asked his
mother, “Why?”
Mother Agave kissed the back of his hands and said, “Live.”
He woke up as he always did after a seizure, drained and
suffused with the spirits of what he’d experienced. On that day,
he was happy to go home.
Note 1
from the Russian ballad Belovezhskaya Pushcha, lyrics by
Nikolai Dobronravov 

Late Night, Cold Pizza
Will Epler

I am almost home. Greetings from a distant train rumble
As it chugs towards town. I pull into my driveway
And step out of my car and walk up to my unlocked
Door. Then with the stealth and grace
Of an ox I stumble through a minefield of toys.
Stomach rumbling in violence, retort to my bedtime wishes,
I slide into the kitchen in search of sustenance.
In a cardboard box I find the edible conglomeration
Known as cheese pizza. “Why the hell did she get pizza? We got
food!”
Crust crunches under the pressure of biting jaws. Rubbery
Cheese stretches, breaks. Pasty mix of cheese and crust sticks
To the roof of my mouth and I scrape the gunk off the cardboard.
In my bedroom I sigh at the sight of the wife asleep, too stoned
To know I’m home from school. I go to bed but sleep
Eludes me and I toss and turn in turmoil and wonder what
To do with the unopened envelopes haunting me from across
The hall where they lay upon the kitchen counter. I rise and rip
Those bills in half and throw them in the trash.
Stumbling over trucks and blocks and cars I search the couch
For the remote and sit and flip through the channels
In search of a diversion from my midnight restlessness
As sorrow and uncertainties seep deep into my soul. I finally
Doze and five hours later awaken to electronic chanting
Telling me it’s time to wake the boys and ready them for school.
Today I will search for another job and repeat my late
Night again, and I will try to remember why I am doing this.

Sunday Tea
Rae Lynn Froggé

They came to touch my wrinkles, all
four grandchildren, not long after
their mother’s death. Mostly they came
for my sugary pastries. Their
faces too soon wizened, looked tough
as an overcooked roast. I knelt
to kiss each child. “Your mother loved
adventure!” They moved in closer.
“I remember her sliding down
banisters, hitting softballs out
of the park, and being first in
line for roller coasters, scary
movies, sky diving, and mountain
climbing.” With eyes brighter, tiny
ears perked up, and interest shown
on their faces, I could see hope
for my young grandchildren, in spite
of their grief. A spark of progress.

Food For Thought
by Joe Patrick

Allow me to paint you a picture. You find yourself seated at a table in your favorite
restaurant. Your young son sits next to you in his high chair, furiously coloring the picture of the
food-themed animal adventure that sits before him. Suddenly, the violet Crayola slips from his
grasp and rolls a short distance across the table. As you talk to your wife about the day’s events,
the boy reaches for the crayon and knocks over your glass, sending streams of your beverage of
choice in every direction. Your server brings you a veritable forest of napkins to clean the spill.
Half of the napkins are used, and, though they remain untouched by the flood of soda, the other
half are discarded when your table is cleared.
Perhaps you are a single woman, a student stopping for a quick bite between classes. You
are either too full or too hurried to finish your meal, so you take your leftovers with you in a
Styrofoam container. The food rests on your front seat as you sit through an art history lecture.
When you return home after a long day of learning, you decide that the leftovers couldn’t
possibly be edible after spending so much time locked in your stuffy car. What once promised to
be a return visit to the meal you so enjoyed at lunch is now a soggy mess soaking in a small
puddle of condensation. The uneaten food, container and all, goes into the trash.
We can all relate to these stories. Indeed, whether you are the parent of a toddler, a young
college student, or a member of some other demographic, it’s a safe assumption that you have a
story of your own that you could share.
This type of occurrence, while commonplace, takes its toll. 300,000 gallons of water are
consumed and 150,000 pounds of trash are produced by the average restaurant each year. This
statistic doesn’t include the resources involved in getting the food to the eatery from farms,
2
fields, and oceans (“Dine Sustainably”). Tremendous waste in the food service industry has a
massive effect on our ecosystem. However, restaurant owners around the world are taking the
necessary steps to provide a dining experience that’s pleasing to both the consumer and the
environment.
To see how restauranteurs are enacting more environmentally-conscious policies, look no
further than the Omaha World Herald profile on Fernando’s Cafe and Cantina by food writer
Nichole Aksamit. Business owners Denie and Bonnie Hall made a resolution to be more
environmentally friendly in 2010. To that end, the Halls hired an eco-consultant to suggest some
changes. Last month, Fernando’s foam takeout boxes gave way to biodegradable containers made
from a corn-based plastic. Where possible, cardboard, plastic, and glass are now separated for
recycling. Ovens are shut off completely when not in use. Even the food waste is being
addressed. Aksamit reports that Fernando’s is investigating opportunities to donate discarded
food to local gardening groups for composting. Of the “Go Guacamole” initiative, Aksamit
quotes Hall as saying “[w]e’re trying to be a greener member of our community. The staff is
really excited about it.”
The shift to more environmentally-minded policies isn’t limited to “sit down” restaurants.
Fast food companies are making changes that affect everything from the utensils and packaging
to the buildings in which the restaurants are housed.
Yum! Brands, the company that owns Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC, recently opened
another dual KFC/Taco Bell store in Northampton, Massachusetts. What makes this location
special is that it consumes 30 percent less energy and water than a typical restaurant. It also has a
low-flow water system, fixtures designed with recycled building materials and several other
“green” features (“Yum! Unveils”). This initiative, along with other sustainable policies, has
allowed Yum! Brands to significantly reduce its burden on the environment. A 2008 report
3
released by Yum! revealed that the company has cut its CO2 emissions by 60,000 metric tons and
its energy expenses by $17 million (“Yum Energy”).
Carl’s Jr. has also opened their first “green” restaurant. The Carpenteria, California
location boasts solar reflective roofing and energy efficient equipment. In addition, Carl’s Jr. uses
packaging made from recycled material and saves their cooking oil for use in creating alternative
fuels (“Carl’s Jr”).
In 2008, the Chipotle Mexican Grill franchise introduced “sustainable cutlery” to its
Millbrae, California location with plans to spread the initiative to 800 other Chipotle restaurants
at a later date. The company, in association with HAVI/Peresco and Cereplast Inc., stocks the
location with environmentally-friendly utensils. In October of 2008, Chipotle opened a “green”
restaurant in Gurnee, Illinois. The Gurnee location generates 10 percent of its electrical power
with an on-site wind turbine (“Chipotle”).
Restaurants that wish to show that they are serious about their sustainable initiatives can
seek certification through the Green Restaurant Association. The GRA’s website describes the
entity as “a national non-profit organization that provides a convenient and cost-effective way for
restaurants, manufacturers, distributors, and consumers to become more environmentally
responsible” (“Welcome”).
The GRA has offered certification for restaurants since 1990. To qualify for certification,
an establishment must meet a number of requirements. “Restaurants must have a full scale
recycling program, be free of Polystyrene Foam (Styrofoam), provide yearly education and meet
points requirements for seven categories,” writes Examiner.com contributor Erin McClure. Each
of the seven categories is assigned a certain number of points, with a minimum point score
required to achieve certification. The categories focus on the applicant’s efficient use of water,
recycling, the presence of sustainable fixtures (furniture, building materials, etc.), sustainable
4
food, and the applicant’s attempts at waste and pollution reduction. A number of factors can
influence an applicant’s score in the sustainable food category. Things like where a restaurant’s
seafood was obtained, what the livestock that provided its beef was fed, and even a food
provider’s proximity to the restaurant are considered (McClure).
If a restaurant qualifies, it is assigned a star level, from two to four stars, based on its
overall point total. GRA certification is most common in large cities like New York, Los
Angeles, Washington D.C., and Boston, though a small GRA presence has grown in Texas
(McClure).
The drive to create a more ecologically sound dining experience can also be found
beyond our shores. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, the Sustainable Restaurant
Association, a British equivalent to the American GRA, stands ready to assist business owners in
the United Kingdom with implementing positive changes.
The SRA was created by Giles Gibbon, CEO of Good Business, a corporate consultancy
group, and prominent British business owners Mark Sainsbury and Henry Dimbleby. The
founding members, Le Manoir aux Quat’Saisons, Caffe Caldesi, Due South, the Seahorse
Restaurant, and Feng Sushi, form a list that would be unfamiliar to most Americans, but reads as
a Who’s Who of high-profile British establishments (Fielding).
In an interview with BusinessGreen.com contributor Rachel Fielding, SRA managing
director Simon Heppner stated that “[t]here is a wide range of pressures for restaurants to be
more sustainable and we aim to show it doesn’t have to be complicated or expensive and is
instead a simple and achievable goal.”
The association seeks to improve the British restaurant industry’s damaged reputation in
the realm of environmental performance. The United Kingdom’s 30,000 restaurants dispose of
three million tons of food waste per year. Along with discarded food, water is consumed in an
5
amount equivalent to 104,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (Fielding). “Through responding
to this challenge, restaurants can not only satisfy existing customers and gain new ones, they can
also make positive changes for the environment and society and be properly rewarded for their
efforts,” Heppner continued.
The criteria for SRA certification is kept more simple than that required by its American
counterpart in order to help as many establishments as possible. However, member businesses
must meet three additional requirements each year to maintain certification. Criteria such as
ethical food sourcing, energy efficiency, and community interaction are examined (Fielding).
Unfortunately, harsh economic realities make it difficult for some businesses to enact
sustainable practices. In New Orleans, an area already affected by Hurricane Katrina, the
struggling economy makes the implementation of more eco-friendly measures incredibly
challenging. Sustaining the business itself takes priority over sustaining the environment.
Though the demand for sustainability is there, many businesses have been forced to return to less
costly Styrofoam packaging (Restaurants).
In the past, waste has seemed a normal part of the restaurant industry. Uneaten food,
unused paper products, lights and equipment that run all hours of the day— these things have
appeared to be an inevitable cost of doing business. As concern for our environment grows,
however, so grows the demand for more efficiency and less waste in the eateries we frequent.
Achieving the kind of sustainability that has a measurable impact is a costly endeavor, one that
not all businesses can attempt in these tough economic times. Establishments that do achieve it,
however, serve as models for those that want to ditch the Styrofoam and forests of extra napkins
and start making changes for the betterment of the world around us.
6
Works Cited
Aksamit, Nichole. “Dining Notes: Be the Avocado.” Omaha World Herald 16 April 2010: E1.
“Carl’s Jr. Opens Green Fast-Food Joint.” Environmental Leader. 12 February 2009.
Environmental Leader LLC. Web. 21 April 2010.
<http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/02/12/carls-jr-opens-green-fast-food-joint/>
“Chipotle Introduces Green Cutlery.” Environmental Leader. 22 December 2008.
Environmental Leader LLC. Web. 21 April 2010.
<http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/12/22/chipotle-introduces-green-cutlery/>
“Dine Sustainably, Eat Enjoyably.” New American Dream. n.d. New American Dream. Web. 19
April 2010. <http://www.newdream.org/marketplace/restaurant.php>
Fielding, Rachel. “Sustainable Restaurant Association Aims to Usher In Era of Green Cuisine.”
BusinessGreen.com. 3 March 2010. Incisive Financial Publishing Limited. Web. 19 April
2010. <http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2258840/sustainable-
restaurant>
McClure, Erin. “Green Restaurant Association Provides Certification For Sustainable Practices.”
Examiner.com. 13 February 2010. Clarity Digital Group LLC. Web. 19 April 2010.
<http://www.examiner.com/x-26576-Fort-Worth-Sustainable-Food-
Examiner~y2010m2d13-Green-Restaurant-Association-provides-certification-for-
sustainable-practices>
“Restaurants Try to Balance Sustainability With Cost.” Environmental Leader. 7 April 2009.
Environmental Leader LLC. Web. 19 April 2010.
<http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/04/07/restaurants-try-to-balance-
sustainability-with-cost>
7
“Welcome to the Green Restaurant Association.” Green Restaurant Association. n.d. Web. 21
April 2010. <http://www.dinegreen.com/>
“Yum Energy Cutting Trims Emissions, Saves $17M Over Last Two Years.” Environmental
Leader. 10 December 2008. Environmental Leader LLC. Web. 21 April 2010.
<http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/12/10/yum-energy-cutting-trims-emissions-
saves-17m-over-last-two-years/>
“Yum! Unveils Green KFC/Taco Bell Store In Mass.” Environmental Leader. 11 March 2009.
Environmental Leader LLC. Web. 21 April 2010.
<http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/03/11/yum-unveils-green-kfctaco-bell-store-
in-mass/>

Sacred Land: A Question of Value

by Melina Cook

Indigenous people worldwide share an underlying belief in a symbiotic relationship with the
earth. Spirituality is something that cannot be separated from the individual or the earth, and it is not
seen as a set of beliefs, but as a kind of knowing and being. Similarly, the individual and the earth
cannot be made separate. Western culture, however, has long maintained that the value of land can be
measured by its instrumental use. The very term “natural resource” implies that land and landforms,
water, and minerals are something to be used for a purpose, and nothing more. And that purpose is
human consumption. The widely accepted ethical views seem to see non-living things, such as a
mountain or a forest, as having no intrinsic value. And humans are generally considered above all other
living things as well. The acceptance of these ideas is in direct violation of Indigenous people’s
spirituality, which is in essence, the lifeblood of their way of life. Native Americans and Aboriginals are
among the largest groups of indigenous people in the world, and both have been fighting for the right
to keep their land sacred since colonization. But the bigger issue is not just in keeping certain areas
protected against exploitation of their resourcefulness, but in the way that the earth and all its
components are treated in general. One sub-field of environmental ethics, ecocentrism, shares the
general ideas about the interrelatedness between humans and the earth with the Indigenous peoples of
the world. Besides maintaining that natural objects have intrinsic value and should not be treated as a
means for a human end, many environmental ethicists feel that spirituality and a sense of
connectedness with nature are a part of nature and are directly linked with happiness and the quality
of our lives.
Anthropocentrism is the idea that humans are the central aspect of the universe, and that
everything in the universe can be used to benefit humans. This idea has been etched into many ethical
theories throughout history, and for western culture, this has basically become the rule to live by. Of
course, most people recognize that we cannot simply use up all the earth’s resources with no regard to
sustaining a future on the planet. But even that type of environmental awareness is only concerned
with the future generations of humans, and not with the essence of the earth itself. This is where the
2
problem lies for Indigenous cultures. For example, the Hopi Indians who inhabit Old Oraibi, which is
considered the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the United States (since 1150 AD) (Black
Mesa Trust) are facing a water shortage problem. The Hopi reservation is located on top of an ancient
sandstone aquifer that has supplied them with all their water needs through natural springs and wells.
However, a coal company began using the aquifer in the 1970’s in order to pump their mined coal as
slurry through pipelines (Michaels). A study done by the Natural Resource Defense Council reported
that the wells had dropped one hundred feet and the flow from the springs had gone down fifty
percent since the mining began (NRDS).
The issue for Hopi traditionalists lies in the fact that the land and the water are considered
sacred. The mining and the use of the aquifer for this purpose disrupts the balance of nature that is
central to their way of life: being stewards to the land as a trade off for the land sustaining them.
Since 1150 AD these people have lived in harmony with their surroundings, and had an abundance of
water to sustain them. The Hopi consider water to be the blood of the earth and now, because of
modern development and industry, their culture and spirituality are being threatened. The Black Mesa
Trust is a grassroots Hopi movement aimed at stopping the coal company (Peabody) from depleting the
aquifer for the transfer of coal through the pipelines, and as a general environmental movement with a
message for all humanity about the continuity of life through stewardship and a respect for all
things.(Black Mesa Trust) Hopi water wisdom is an integral part of their spirituality, and a quote taken
from a Black Mesa Trust spokesman says “We believe humankind is a participant in water-life,
Paatuuwaqatsi. We are of clouds and the clouds are of us. How we behave influences rain, snow, and
hence the hydraulic cycle and balance. If our thoughts are bad, only the wind will come when we
dance. If our hearts come together, rain will come.” (Black Mesa Trust) Like many, if not most,
indigenous people, the Hopi believe in the interconnectedness of all things: the land, water, animals
and humans. Because of the anthropocentric attitude of coal industries and the like, a very sacred part
of nature is being used up and wasted at an alarming rate.
The idea of anthropocentrism is entwined in many traditional ethical theories. This can be seen
in utilitarianism, deontology and the virtue ethics. According to all these philosophies, objects in the
3
environment such as rivers, forests, mountains, and aquifers have no intrinsic value, but are
instrumental to living things, most specifically, humans. According to these ethical theories, there is
nothing wrong with using a sacred aquifer as a means to pump slurry through miles of pipelines.
Utilitarians are concerned with an action’s consequences towards humans and other animals, so
utilitarians might say that it is wrong if using the water now will lead to there not being any water to
sustain life later. Deontology is concerned with the intention, and whether or not an action is right or
wrong on principal. Since Deontology doesn’t recognize intrinsic value of any living or natural thing
besides humans, this issue wouldn’t merit an ethical consideration. The virtue ethics are concerned
with a person’s character, so there could be some discussion about how to treat the feelings and
beliefs of others, in this case, the Hopi Indians. Some have argued that a love and appreciation for
nature could be an extension of the virtues of loving and caring for fellow human beings. But even if
that were the case, the value of nature according to virtue ethics is instrumental, not intrinsic.
Aristotle promoted anthropocentrism when he came to the conclusion that nature has made all things
for the sake of man. In fact, anthropocentrism has basically become the norm for western thought.
Many environmentalists who did not necessarily agree with the anthropocentric ideas had come
to call their revised version of the philosophy “enlightened anthropocentrism” (Kortenkamp). This
simply means that even though humans are the only living or nonliving entity with intrinsic value, it is
in our best interest to show respect for other things in nature. But for many environmental ethicists
this is not enough. So as a way of describing a truly non-anthropocentric attitude, the term
“ecocentrism” was born. This ethical theory moves the focus from humans to the whole natural world.
Ecocentrism stemmed from the environmental movement of Deep Ecology, which maintains that all
natural objects and living things do have intrinsic value in themselves, regardless of the value of their
usefulness to humans. Deep Ecology is the environmental movement behind the ethical philosophy of
ecocentrism. One main founder of this Deep Ecology, Arne Naess, believed that organisms are best
understood as knots in a biospherical net (Brennan). A human’s identity is defined by the relationships
between other living things. Ecocentrism maintains that humans are not separate from nature; in a
sense, we are nature. To see this more clearly, you can imagine each component of the human body-
4
the heart, the lungs, an arm, a toe- and while they are separate organs and limbs, together, they make
up the entire body. One could not live without the other. Ecocentrism takes this concept and applies it
to the universe.
Naess coined the term “Deep Ecology” because he felt that the current ecological thinking was
“shallow”, in that the main concern for the environment was in pollution control and conservation.
But, according to his views, we could not come up with solutions to the environmental issues without
questioning the deeper issues about how we should live. The basic idea is that the value of living things
cannot be quantified, and no one living thing has a greater right to life than any other. The deep
ecology movement came about around the same time as the whole environmental movement, in the
1960’s, and since then ecocentrism has come to be known as the “radical” environmental ethic, simply
because it cannot be “proven” that non-living or non-human entities have intrinsic value. However, if
the subject is going to be looked at in this way, then where is the proof that humans have intrinsic
value in the first place? That concept seems to just be assumed, so why is it so strange to view other
things in this same way? While ecocentrism is a new field in environmental ethics, this basic
understanding of the universe as a complex interconnected system is the philosophy indigenous peoples
have lived by for thousands of years.
Australia’s indigenous peoples, the Aborigines, have lived there for fifty to seventy thousand
years. They are among the oldest civilizations in the world, and they are the oldest continuous living
culture in the world. (Villanueva). Their entire belief system rests on the land, and they revere the
earth and all things natural, including the land itself, landforms, plants and animals. Their perception
of reality is shaped by ancient wisdom passed on to them from the beginnings of their history, and
through storytelling, they explain this reality and the reasoning behind their close bond to the earth.
For this culture, the basic “creation story” begins with their ancestors manifesting themselves into the
rocks, trails, water, plants and animals. Their purpose is to be stewards to the earth, to keep the
spirits of their ancestors alive (which in turn keeps the earth alive). When the British colonized
Australia in the late 1700’s, the Aborigines were stripped of their land in the same way as the Native
Americans. The British claimed that since the Aborigines had never taken claim to any land, that it was
5
theirs for the taking. Aboriginals had no real means of winning a fight for ownership, and in fact could
not conceptualize the idea of owning land; to them, the land belongs to everyone. Since then,
Aboriginal culture has been severely compromised, along with the number of Aboriginals. A movement
began in the 1970’s for the right to keep their ancestral lands sacred, and that fight is still at large
today.
One such struggle for Aboriginals today can be seen in the McArthur River Mine in the Northern
Territory. The McArthur River Mine is one of the world’s biggest zinc mines and has been operating off
the McArthur River for around fifteen years. In recent years, Xstrata (the mining company) has
announced that they will need to expand their already huge operation, and in so doing, will need to redirect the McArthur River so that they can change their operation from underground to aboveground.
The river and the land that the mine will now occupy rest on a sacred site for the Gudanji people,
known to them as the Rainbow Serpent. According to their tradition, the Rainbow Serpent traveled
along the river and is responsible for storms and the cycles of weather. Elders believe that upsetting
the Rainbow Serpent will cause negative weather effects and upset the ecosystems involved, and at
the same time, contribute to the continuing degradation of the Gudanji people (Barker). Xstrata is
supposed to be under a conditional agreement for use of the land in that they will not tamper with any
sacred site, but as with many cases such as this, it seems these “conditional agreements” are just
words on paper. When it comes down to it, it is up to a government council to decide and interpret
whether or not a site is sacred. Anthropologist John Bradley said this, concerning the amount of legal
rights surrounding Aboriginal sacred sites: “Australia generally fails to take any of this (values of
traditional culture) into consideration… (they) give it a token gesture acceptance and put it away as
cute little stories that really have no relevance in the world that we’re operating in. But we forget that
there are people born and bred to this way of thinking. It’s their reason for being.” (Barker) The
expansion was approved in 2008 but later shut down because of pressure from environmental groups
about the fish and migratory birds of the area. Months later, the Federal Government re-approved the
expansion, claiming that diverting the river wouldn’t have negative implications to these life-forms
(ABC News).
6
Again, the anthropocentric attitude can be seen in this case. Although the important
issue for the Gudanji people was the destruction of a bond that exists between them and the land, and
the breaking of the harmony between all things, lawmakers can only see it one way: human centered.
For the western thinker the question is whether human life will be affected, or maybe the lives of the
animals residing within that ecosystem. They cannot see the “knot” of interconnectedness that Naess
speaks of, or the interconnectedness that indigenous peoples know to exist. Ecocentrism maintains
that if we re-conceptualize ourselves and the relationship we have to the earth (and universe) to view
ourselves as a part of this knot, we would take better care of nature.(Brennan) Environmental ethics as
a whole emerged as a need to change our basic values, but it seems as of yet, modern science just
cannot make that change to view anything other than humans as intrinsically valuable.
There are many parallels that can be drawn from the philosophies of indigenous peoples and
the ethical philosophy of ecocentrism. In fact, they are so similar that it seems civilization has come
full circle; from the ancient wisdom of the world’s indigenous peoples, to the most recent post-modern
thinkers. However, these recent views concerning environmentalism aren’t exactly mainstream. In
fact, the post-modern ideology is considered radical by mainstream society. Anthropocentrism has
been made to be the normal way of viewing the world in many different fields: western religion,
philosophy and science. It seems it’s always been decided that since we have no proof of any sort of
interconnectedness of our own nature and of the nature of other living or non-living things, then it
must not exist. However, recent advances in the fields of quantum physics and psychology have
created an opening in this discussion. Results of newer experiments have so far been inconclusive, but
with advances in technology, we may be well on our way to finding concrete data that supports the
claim that everything is connected. Indigenous people do not need to see any scientific proof to justify
how they live or the philosophy they follow, but because of their minority status and (for both Native
Americans and Aboriginals) the reservations they have been placed on, their philosophy is not
respected. Because most reservations rely directly on government or corporate funds, many of their
sacred sites are always in some danger of being destroyed. A change in how we view the world is
essential in the fight to keep parts of the natural world sacred, as well as using natural resources in a
7
sustainable way. A simple change in legislation just won’t do. Since the anthropocentric attitude is
obviously not bettering the current environmental state, maybe it’s time to take into consideration the
wisdom of the oldest civilizations on Earth.

8
Works Cited
ABC News. “Reopened McArthur River Mine sparks call for tougher laws”. ABC News Online. Web. Feb
21, 2009. <http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/21/2497722.htm>
Barker, Anne. “Rainbow Serpent Dreaming Endangered by Mine Expansion, Say Local Elders”.The World
Today. ABC News Online. Web. Sep 8, 2006.
<http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1736473.htm>
Black Mesa Trust. “Hopi Water and the Black Mesa Trust”. Web. 2002.
<http://www.crossingworlds.com/articles/hopiwater.html>
Brennan, Andrew. “Environmental Ethics”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jun 3, 2008. Web.
<http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/>
Drengson, Alan. “Ecophilosophy, Ecosophy and the Deep Ecology Movement: An Overview”. The
Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy. Vol 14 No. 3. 1997. Ecocentrism Homepage. Web.
http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/DrengEcophil.html.
Kortenkamp, Katherine V. and Moore, Colleen F. “Ecocentrism and Anthropocentrism: Moral Reasoning
About Ecological Commons Dilema”. Journal of Environmental Psychology. University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Academic Press. Journal number 20010205. Web 2001.
<http://psych.wisc.edu/moore/PDFsMyPapers/Kortenkamp&Moore2001.pdf>
Longest Walk.Org. “Protect Sacred Sites; Defend Human Rights”. Web. 2008.
<http://www.longestwalk.org>
Michaels, Marguerite. “Indians Vs. Miners: The Hopi and the Navajo take on the Country’s Largest Coal
Miner Over Scarce and Sacred Water”. Time Archive. Web. Nov 5, 2001.
http://www.questconnect.org/sw_time_hopi_water.htm
9
Natural Resources Defense Council. “Drinking Water Jeopardized in Arizona’s Black Mesa Region”.
NRDC Online. Web. 2000. <http://www.nrdc.org/water/conservation/draw/drawinx.asp>
Villanueva Siasoco, Ricco. “Aboriginal Australia: History and Culture of Australia’s Indigenous
Peoples”. Infoplease Online Database. Web. Pearson Education, Inc, 2007.
<http://www.infoplease.com/spot/aboriginal1.html>

 Closure

by Justin Johnson

“We’re closing your store Greg,” said Mark. Greg said, “What?” as his knees felt like they were going to give out.

***

Today had started like most other days in Greg’s life, at least for the last fifteen years. He pulled his old Buick into the parking lot of the Price Mart that he had been running at that time. Five days a week, at least, he pulled around the back of the building to make sure everything looked okay before heading into the store for the day. It had become such a habit, Greg wondered if he would really even notice if something was wrong.

The clock on the dashboard read 6:02 as Greg rounded the front of the building. “Shit,” he said as he saw a red Ford Taurus sitting alone in the lot. The Taurus belonged to Mark, Greg’s boss from the corporate office. Mark’s visits during the past six months had not been going well. Mark wasn’t happy with the store’s performance and wouldn’t accept any of Greg’s explanations. Greg figured he had a year to turn things around. He had been short staffed, and the economy was bad all over.

***

“I said, we are going to have to close your store,” Mark said. Greg stared at Mark, noticing his hair. “You’re almost sixty years old, no way your hair is really that dark,” Greg thought. Mark did look younger than his age, and he dressed fashionably, unlike most of the people who worked for Price Mart. Greg was pretty typical of a Price manager, as far as fashion sense goes. His typical uniform was brown pants, brown shoes and a blue short sleeve button-up shirt. The fact that the tie he wore was horribly out of style and that he shouldn’t really even wear a tie with a short sleeve shirt was lost on Greg.

Neither man had said a word in what seemed like five minutes, but had actually been just a few seconds.

“Monday morning some people will be here to handle things. They specialize in closing down stores and liquidating everything,” Mark said. He suggested they head back to the office and discuss things further.

Greg’s office was probably one of the smallest rooms ever actually called an office. There was a small desk, a file cabinet and a couple of chairs, all shoehorned into a space more appropriate for a decent walk-in closet. Mark went in first and sat behind Greg’s desk. He always did that on his visits, which really made Greg angry.

“Make yourself comfortable, asshole,” Greg would think as Mark sat in his chair.

This time Greg was still almost dazed from the news and didn’t really care where Mark sat.

“First of all, we know you have been with our company for over twenty five years, and we want you to know that we are going to take care of you,” Mark said as he rummaged through his briefcase. Greg assumed this meant they had another store for him. Instantly, he started to think about where they would make him move. Mark found the folder he was looking for and slid it across the desk to Greg.

“That is a pretty gnerous severance package in there,” Mark said as he watched Greg open up the folder. Greg flipped through the pages, not really looking at them. “You also will qualify for a bonus if you stay here and help with clearing out and closing the store–so will all of your associates,” said Mark.

Both men sat in silence for a few moments as Greg tried to process everything that had just happened. The room seemed smaller than it had ever been. The clock on the wall was the only noise. It was a cheap clock off the shelves of the store and made way too much noise as its hands turned.

Greg used to be a big shot in this town, back when running the Price Mart really meant something. Back then he would to go to the Top Hat Lounge and drink with all the other big shots. Once Wal-Mart moved in, things changed. Greg still drank at the Top Hat, but it was different now. He once was in charge of over one hundred employees at the number one shopping destination in town. Now he could barely keep thirty employees on the payroll at a store people only came to because they didn’t want to fight the crowds. People didn’t realize it was kind of an insult when they told Greg how much they liked shopping at his store because it was never busy in there like it was in Wal-Mart.

Mark broke the silence as he started to tell Greg about how they would break this news to the staff. They would have a meeting the following afternoon with everyone, although most of them would probably already know something by then. This wasn’t the only store closing, and news would end up on the Internet. Greg would be able to tell his assistant managers as they came in for work that day.

That night Greg sat with Alex, his young assistant manager, on some pallets of dog food in the stockroom. On the floor in front of them was a twelve pack of Miller Lite. Half of the cans remained in the box. The other half were crumpled up and were mostly on the ground around the trash cans.

“My wife is pregnant,” Alex said and took a long drink from the can in his hand. “What the hell am I going to do?”

“You’ll be fine, you’re a smart kid. Besides, you have a degree. That’s what everyone is looking for now anyway,” Greg said. “I never bothered with a degree. They kept promoting me here, offering me what I thought was a lot of money.”

“You’ve been here for over twenty-five years. That experience has to count for something,” Alex said and then polished off his beer, tossing the empty can towards the trash cans. It bounced off the rim and slid across the concrete floor.

***

Greg hadn’t drunk alcohol in the store in over twenty years–since New Year’s Eve in 1987 or so. Greg was still an assistant manager at the time and his boss had left a bottle of whiskey for the guys who had to work that night. They stayed after the store closed, drinking whiskey and Cokes out of paper cups, shooting baskets on the basketball hoop set up in sporting goods. Greg couldn’t miss that night, he had made twenty dollars betting on games of horse. Things had gotten a little rowdy that night. The morning crew the next day had to put a lot of merchandise back on the shelves.

***

Greg thought of that night as he passed Alex another beer. His thoughts turned to all the other things that happened in this store. He had probably spent more time here than at his house over the years. He had met his second wife here. Sure, he was married to his first wife when they started fooling around. The man had come to serve him with his divorce papers for both of his marriages here in the store.

“It used to be a lot of fun working at this store,” Greg said. “I used to know the owner before he died and his kids took the company public and cashed out.”

“Well, it’s not much fun today,” said Alex.

“Do me a favor, Alex,” Greg said.

“Okay, what is it?” Alex said.

“Don’t get yourself into a rut. I have been in one here for years. This place has been my life for a long time now. I haven’t been happy in years, but I haven’t had the courage to admit that to myself,” said Greg.

Alex shook his head. “You’re drunk,” he said.

“No I’m not, not at all. I used to really love this place. That changed at some point over the years. I didn’t realize that until today when Mark walked in here with that news and kicked me in the balls. That’s the favor I want from you. Don’t let yourself get that way. Pay attention to your life. It will whiz by you if you’re not careful,” Greg’s voice was starting to crack. “I don’t know what I’m going to do now, but I know I’m not going to let the next twenty-five years pass me by.”

Greg looked around the stockroom. It had definitely seen better days. When they had gotten the new computer system twelve years ago, it was state of the art. Now the same computers sat there, hopelessly out of date. Lots of other things here were out of date. The company wasn’t really interested in upgrading anything in the store. They just wanted Greg to keep expenses down. They had frozen everyone’s salary as well. No one had gotten a raise in two years.

***

Back in 1995, Greg was in this same stockroom when he received the phone call. He was helping to unload a truck when he got the call that he was getting promoted to store manager. At first he wasn’t going to accept. He wanted to go back to school and didn’t want to work the hours. He wanted to have a job where he actually created something. When the HR rep on the phone told him what the salary offer was, it was twice what he had been making, so he didn’t think he could turn him down. This wasn’t the first time he put his dreams on hold, and it wouldn’t be the last.

***

Greg grabbed the last beer from the box and opened it. They had been sitting there for almost two hours, and the last beer was pretty warm. “We should get going. I have to get ready for this goddamn meeting tomorrow. I have to get ready to tell everyone that they are about to lose their jobs,” Greg said, but he really didn’t want to go home. The long hours and stress had cost him two marriages. He was still paying alimony to his first wife and child support to his second, so he was forced to live in a small two-bedroom apartment. He had never really felt comfortable there.

“Wanna swing by the Top Hat and have one more?” Greg said to Alex, but he was really just asking himself.

“Is that place still open? My dad used to hang out there before I was born,” said Alex. “I should really get home anyway. Cindy has been texting me for an hour wondering when I’ll be home. I don’t know how I’m going to tell her that I’m losing my job.”

Greg looked at his phone. He didn’t have any missed calls or messages. He called his kids and left messages over six hours before. Neither one of them had returned his call. His only friends anymore were other store managers in the district and a couple of bartenders. He hadn’t called any of them. He didn’t figure any of them would really care. The store managers would be grateful their store wasn’t closing, and the bartenders probably were only worried about the tips they would lose out on if Greg was unemployed. He polished off the last beer and tossed it towards the trash cans. It didn’t even come close. Greg hadn’t made a single can all night.

“You all right to drive?” Alex said as he walked over and picked up the beer cans off the floor and threw them in a trash can.

“Yeah, I’m fine,” Greg said. He probably was. He was no amateur when it came to drinking, and six beers barely fazed him anymore.

Greg let Alex out the front door and said, “I need to go get my coat out of my office. I’ll see you tomorrow. Don’t be late or I might have to fire you.” Both men chuckled and smiled a little for the first time today.

As he walked around the store, he started to see it for what it really had been for him all these years. It had been a prison of sorts.

As Greg walked through the sporting goods section, he looked at the rack of baseball bats for sale. He realized he had only been able to attend a couple of his son’s little league games. He thought about all the Thanksgiving dinners he missed with his family. “The day after Thanksgiving is the most important day of the year,” he would tell his family when they would ask why he couldn’t be there.

“What kind of thinking is that?” he wondered as he stood in the dark aisle next to baseball gloves, soccer balls and badminton sets. “How is that day more important than my kids’ birthdays or my wedding anniversary?”

Grabbing his coat off the hook, he noticed a certificate on the wall of his office. It was for his completion of the Price Mart Management Training Program. Tears started to well up in his eyes. He thought about receiving an acceptance letter to college. When he told his bosses at the time he was going to leave in August to go to school, they had offered him a promotion to department manager and a decent raise. Greg chose the money. He thought he could afford to buy a nice car, save a little money, and go to school the next year. Now this certificate in a dusty frame was the only thing resembling a degree that he had to his name.

For a brief moment he thought about going to the safe, cleaning it out and heading for South America or some other place warm, but that was probably just the Miller Lites talking. He fished his keys out of his pocket and headed towards the front door.

As he turned on the alarms and locked the front door, a smile started to creep onto his face.

“F*** this place,” Greg said as he walked to his car.

Festival of Hansandaechub

by Gi Kim

It was a cold early morning in the fall in Tongyeong, a rustic city on a very tiny island located at the bottom of South Korea. The seawater was very cold, and the sun was barely coming out over the horizon. My sister and I were equipped with special suits for working at the beach. We were both in tideland boots, yellow rubber pants, and red, knitted, Santa Claus print, winter gloves. Our clothes were already muddy from the long time spent crouching in the mud and collecting shellfish. My back bone was creaking by the time we left, and I was crying like a newborn because of the pain. I chanted to myself in order to keep gathering more shellfish: “If I can see the dwarf at the circus, then this suffering is nothing.”

“You have to fill up your basket. Do not complain! Mine is much bigger than yours. Don’t you want to see the circus?” My sister put some of her shellfish into my basket. “See, you’re almost done, cheer up!” She coaxed me into a good mood.

A little while later, the tide was rising, and soon it was as high as my knees. We could not keep working. “Let’s get out of here! Just follow me. I will show you how to walk. Move! Move!” she shouted at me and crept to the wharf. It was really hard to escape from the water with the basket, even though I made a desperate effort to grasp it tightly. When we arrived ashore safely, the expectation that we could make a lot of money with our shellfish made us extremely happy.

While we’re walking along the alleyway heading home, we divided the money fairly, half-and-half. My sister and I held hands and loudly sang a song. I put 2,500 Won in my secret glass beads pouch, which I grasped very carefully. “Sister, are you going to tell mom about the money?” I asked her.

“Absolutely not! Mom never allows us to go to the night market. It’s a big secret just between you and me. Hush!” she said. We started singing again.

The same chilly afternoon, my sister and I headed along the sea shore to the wharf where the festival was held. The festival of Hansandaechub was a memorial day of the naval Battle of Hansan Island on August 14, 1592. During the Battle of Hansan Island, Korean Admiral Lee, Sunsin destroyed at least 47 Japanese ships, captured 12 and killed over 8,000 Japanese sailors and marines. For his battle, he invented a special Turtle ship that participated in numerous victories against Japanese naval forces. That was a great miracle and a turning point of the war. Before this remarkable battle, Korea was losing the war, and the Japanese naval forces had conquered Korea.

At the festival, different colors and styles of house-size Turtle ships were decorated on the sea shore. With expectation, excitement, and restless minds, my sister and I spent 500 Won for tickets to enter the Turtle Ship. Inside of the Turtle ships were a mini museum of exhibits of historic relics from the Battle of Hansan and Admiral Lee.

The restricted area was formed in line at the cross street of the wharf with the huge red sign, “Under Age 18 Prohibited Area.” In the restricted area, a bunch of shops were set up in order, with a hanging hung a yellowish-red lantern and turned on red rights inside of the whole shop. It was just like a butcher shop. Every single woman, in front of the shops, wore a pretty, glitteringly lingerie-style dress. They were so pretty, even prettier than my princess Snow White or my kindergarten teacher; I couldn’t take my eyes from them. “Sister, look at those prettily dressed women,” I told her.

 “Do not look at them, they are vampires, they love to drink kids’ blood.” What she said was very scary to me and she suddenly grasped my neck and whispered in my ear, “Especially, little girls like you!”

“Kah-ahh!” I screamed and sat down with a plop.

It was so much fun to walk around the festival although vampires scared me, and driven by my curiosity soon I found a market. My sister and I smoothly blended into hundreds and thousands of curious bystanders. Many serpents and snakes were tangled in the red rope net, and there was a strange man with lots of scars on his arm telling me that he was the owner of this market booth. There were bundles of empty clear skinny long glass bottles; he started to pour Soju, Korean rice wine, in each of the bottles, saying that these are magic medicines. He continuously shouted, “This magic medicine will make you full of vigor! Vigor! Vigor!” Soon, he took out one of the big green-black serpents with a stick from the net. After that, he tookloff the serpent’s skin completely and then washed it with some herbal liquid drug. Although the serpent had lost its useless armor, it kept trying to escape from the devil. There was no mercy. The arm-scarred husky guy seized the serpent’s neck and lifted it up and stuffed the whole serpent into the skinny long bottle. Then, he put a cork on the bottle. With all that I saw, I couldn’t think logically or move my body. While I was in shock, he suddenly stared at me and yelled, “This is not a place for kids! Get your ass out of here right now!” Both my sister and I ran away as fast as we could from that scary and devilish market booth.

“Look! That crowd! Let’s go and see!” My sister pulled my arm. “What are those? Those are super disgusting!” White-covered brown thick worm-shaped animals were in a box with dark-brown soil that emitted an offensive odor as if a loud old toilet that stinks was filling this whole market booth. The long white bearded old guy kept putting the gross worms into a powder machine. Soon, the disgusting worms turned into the grayish powder. The white bearded old man held an empty capsule, and he put the gross worm powder into that. “Everyone pay attention to this! This small magical medicine can heal every kind of disease and illness! Just take it! Heal the sickness, raise the dead, and cure those with leprosy!”

“ Sister, grandma needs that medicine. It’s just for her,” I told my sister. “Can I have 500 Wons’ worth of medicine?” she asked the worm guy. “Well, I am not selling that little amount.” Then, he gave us 2 pills of worm medicine.

A beautiful, loud, and clear accordion sound came from somewhere; I noticed that it was time for the circus! “How many people?” the skinny casher asked us.

“Two, please,” My sister answered.

 “Just two of you guys?” the guy asked my sister.

“No, my parents are already taking their seats. My little sister needed to go to the bathroom, so we are late.” My heart started to throb and my face became red-hot as a bell pepper. My sister tightly clasped my hand. I could feel that her hand was also shaking with anxiety and sweat.

“Okay. It’s 1,200 Won for each.”

A little dwarf was dancing on the tightropes. He held a Korean flag-designed folding fan in his each hand and was wearing a Korean little boy costume. His body was as flexible as an elastic cord. He danced as his fingers played on guitar strings. A puppet, yes, he looks like a marionette! I thought someone might be controlling him from above using some invisible wires. We were totally in a daze and couldn’t shut our mouths: “Sister, it’s amazing! I want to be a dancer like him! I was watching his dance vacantly and told my sister, “What a thing to say!” At that moment, someone caught my ear and my sister’s nape. It was my dad! He dragged us out of the circus. The veins stood out on his neck and forehead. I was unsure of how mad he was at us. “I’m so sorry, Dad.” My sister apologized and started crying. Since she began to cry, there was nothing for me to do other than start crying much louder than she.

The Day I Said Goodbye

by Pat Noukpozounkou

Each year, 50,000 immigrant visas are given to people who desire to live and work permanently in the United States of America. The program, known as the “Diversity Visa Lottery Program” or “Lottery Visa American” or “Green Card Lottery”, is only for people from countries with low rates of immigration to the USA. The dream to become an American citizen led me in 2002 to apply for the first time to the green card program. I had informed my parents, some of my friends, and our church members. Our dream became a prayer request. In 2004, when I submitted the application for the third time, my application was preselected. And in May, 2006, the confirmation letter arrived. My wife, our two sons and I had to be ready in six months; otherwise, the visas would expire. All our parents were very happy and excited about having one of their children in the most powerful and blessed country of the world.

“Hello, America” my brother in-law would say. “I saw your president on TV yesterday.”

“I am not American yet. It takes too much money and process is long” I used to reply.

But none of us thought about the separation and its stress.

The preparation took more than a year. I sold my land, my motorcycle, my furniture and my medical equipment. At the same time, my wife went to her friends and borrowed about $3,000 just our medical and visa expenses. Once the visas touched our hands, the project became a reality, and now worry started coming from everybody and everywhere. My mother, brave patient and a business lady, asked from time to time how we were doing.

“I want to see my grandchildren grow up in the USA; therefore, I am going to find money for their tickets,” she said.

“We are going to invite you, and you will come and discover that beautiful English speaking country we see on TV,” we simply replied.

Many days passed. The days and hours became very short and we were still looking for money. A few weeks before the expiration day of the visas, we got help from parents and friends, and tickets were bought. Then the day and the time to depart were fixed. We went to announce this news to our parents, and at the same time we asked for advice. The fever of the separation heightened. Letters, phone calls, and visits from parents and friends quickly became our preoccupations. The message was almost the same.

“Are you honestly thinking to leave us and go to a foreign country?”

“Who is going to take your place in our lives?”

“Are your children going with you? Why not let them stay here with me?” My mom queried.

“I will take good care of them, and show them the way to heaven,” my dad would add.

I felt a deep attachment to my parents more now than before, and as days were passing this feeling became stronger, and I held on to hope of meeting them one day in better situations.

We had to take off on November 20th, 2006 by midnight. The day before our departure all our family and friends came together for prayer, advice and goodbyes. Our house was so full that some people had to stand outside; some were happy, but I could read sadness and discouragement in the faces of most of them. In fact, I was their nurse and I worked in the biggest hospital of our country and most of the time they used to contact me for any decision about their health. Then I became sad and frustrated. After the prayer, I made a speech to greet and thank everyone for their support, presence and prayers. Turn by turn some personalities made a speech. Then came my father’s turn.

He started like this:” Dear family and friends, thanks for all your support.” Then he called my wife and me to the front of the crowd.

My father continued and said in an unusually low voice. “Today I have opportunity to…” Then he stopped talking. He looked around and above his head, then took off his glasses and put his right hand in his pants pocket. He took out a handkerchief. In this short period of time everybody could see my dad’s eyelids blink. Tears came from his eyes. He wiped his eyes with the handkerchief. My wife and I started crying. I saw the head of our family and our church crying. For the first time I saw my lovely father cry. In some circumstances, crying is contagious. Our brothers, sisters and close friends also started crying. My spouse and I were disoriented and at a loss for words but very impressed by this kind of affection. We didn’t know what to do, what to say. My dad wasn’t able to continue with his speech. Slowly and very skillfully, a brave humble and devoted lady took control of the situation. It was my mother.

“Thanks again to all of you! Glory is to God and his son Jesus,” she said. “They are not going to death but to the most powerful country in the world: America.”

In a high and intelligible voice, she added, “So stop crying now and have good intentions for them. They are going and will surely come back safe and in abundance,” my mom continued.

Most of the attendees replied. “We will pray for you! Go in peace!”

I spoke with tears and a trembling voice to the crowd, “Thank you for your love; we will come and visit you as often as possible.”

I discovered how important I am for my father and my people. So my spouse and I decided to work, save money and improve our lives in order to send them some dollars and to invite our parents very often. This affection received from our parents motivates us and keeps us going forward in this country.